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in: דפים עם שגיאות בהערה, דפים עם שגיאות בתסריט, דפים שמשתמשים בקישורי קסם ל־ISBN

Acer negundo

עריכה

מהויקיפדיה האנגלית

Acnegundo

Manitoba maple (Acer negundo) - USDA photo

Acer negundoהוא מין של אדר (עץ) שמקום גידולו הטבעי הוא צפון אמריקה. עץ זה מכונה בארצות הברית גם בשמות Box elder, boxelder maple, and maple ash

שמות נוספים[]

שמות נוספים, המקובלים באזורים מסויימים הם: Ash Maple, Ash-leaf Maple, Black Ash, California Boxelder, Cutleaf Maple, Cut-leaved Maple, Negundo Maple, Red River Maple, Stinking Ash, Sugar Ash, Three-leaved Maple, and Western Boxelder. בקנדה הוא מוכר בתור Manitova Maple ברוסיה - American Maple או Ash-leaf Maple .

תיאור[]

Giardino di Ninfa 16

Giardino di Ninfa

Acer negundo הוא עץ קטן, גודל מהר וחי זמן קצר: הגובה הוא 10-25 מטר, הרוחב עולה מ-50-30 ס"מ עד למטר. לעתים קרובות יש לו כמה גזעים ויכול להיווצר סבך בלתי חדיר.

הנבטים הם בצבע ירוק, לעתים קרובות עם לבנבן לורוד או סגול (שעווה). ענפים חלקים, פריכים במידה מסוימת, ונוטים לשמור על צבע ירוק ורענן ולא נוצרת, קליפה של רקמה מתה, מגן.קליפת הגזע שלו הוא אפור בהיר או חום בהיר, שסע עמוק לתוך רכסים רחבים, וקשקשים.

שלא כמו רוב האדר אחר (אשר בדרך כלל יש לי צורת עלה פשוט, לולבים, אונה, עלים, Acer negundo יש לו עלה צורה עם נוצת פעם אחת.

The leaflets are about תבנית:Convert/-תבנית:Convert/track/abbr/תבנית:Convert/track/disp/תבנית:Convert/track/adj/ long and תבנית:Convert/-תבנית:Convert/track/abbr/תבנית:Convert/track/disp/תבנית:Convert/track/adj/ wide with slightly serrate margins. Leafs have a translucent light green colour and turn yellow in the fall.

The flowers are small and appear in early spring on drooping racemes תבנית:Convert/-תבנית:Convert/track/abbr/תבנית:Convert/track/disp/תבנית:Convert/track/adj/ long. The seeds are paired samaras, each seed slender, תבנית:Convert/-תבנית:Convert/track/abbr/תבנית:Convert/track/disp/תבנית:Convert/track/adj/ long, with a תבנית:Convert/-תבנית:Convert/track/abbr/תבנית:Convert/track/disp/תבנית:Convert/track/adj/ incurved wing; they drop in autumn or they may persist through winter. Seeds are usually both prolific and fertile.

Unlike most other maples, A. negundo is fully dioecious and both a "male" and "female" tree are needed for either to reproduce.

  • Winter buds: Terminal buds acute, an eighth of an inch long. Lateral buds obtuse. The inner scales enlarge when spring growth begins and often become an inch long before they fall.
  • Flowers: April, before the leaves, yellow green; staminate flowers in clusters on slender hairy pedicels one and a half to two inches long. Pistillate flowers in narrow drooping racemes.
  • Calyx: Yellow green; staminate flowers campanulate, five-lobed, hairy. Pistillate flowers smaller, five-parted; disk rudimentary.
  • Corolla: Wanting.
  • Stamens: Four to six, exserted; filaments slender, hairy; anthers linear, connective pointed.
  • Pistil: Ovary hairy, borne on disk, partly enclosed by calyx, two-celled, wing-margined. Styles separate at base into two stigmatic lobes.
  • Fruit: Maple keys, full size in early summer. Borne in drooping racemes, pedicels one to two inches long. Key an inch and a half to two inches long, nutlets diverging, wings straight or incurved. September. Seed half an inch long. Cotyledons, thin, narrow.[1]

Taxonomy[]

Indicative of its familiarity to many people over a large geographic range, A. negundo has numerous common names.

The names "Box Elder" and "Boxelder Maple" are based upon the similarity of its whitish wood to that of boxwood and the similarity of its pinnately compound leaves with those of some species of elder.[2] This is the only North American maple with compound leaves.[1]

Other common names are based upon this maple's similarity to ash, its preferred environment, its sugary sap, a description of its leaves, its binomial name, and so on. These names include (but are not limited to) Ash-, Cut-, or Three-leaf (or -leaved) Maple; Ash Maple; Sugar Ash; Negundo Maple; and River Maple.[3]

Common names may also designate a particular subspecies. For example, a common name for A. negundo subsp. interius may be preceded by "Inland" (as in "Inland Boxelder Maple"). A common name for A. negundo subsp. californicum may be preceded by "California" or "Western".

Subspecies[]

קובץ:Acer negundo.jpg

A. negundo leaves and seeds

Acer negundo is often discussed as comprising three subspecies, each of which was originally described as a separate species. These are:

  • A. negundo subsp. negundo is the main variety and the type to which characteristics described in the article most universally apply. Its natural range is from the Atlantic Coast to the Rocky Mountains.[4]
  • A. negundo subsp. interius has more leaf serration than the main species and a more matte leaf surface. As the name interus indicates, its natural range of Saskatchewan to New Mexico is sandwiched between that of the other two subspecies.[4]
  • A. negundo subsp. californicum has larger leaves than the main species. Leaves also have a velvety texture which is essential to distinguish it from A. negundo subsp. negundo. It is found in parts of California and Arizona.[4]

Some authors further subdivide subsp. negundo into a number of regional varieties but these intergrade and their maintenance as distinct taxa is disputed by many. Even the differences between recognized subspecies are probably a matter of gradient speciation

Finally, note that a few botanists treat Boxelder Maple as its own distinct genus (Negundo aceroides) but this is not widely accepted.

Distribution[]

As noted, varieties thrive across the United States and Canada. It may also be found as far south as Guatemala

Ecology[]

קובץ:Acer negundo tree.jpg

Boxelder, Manitoba Maple. Tree. ND, USA.

This species prefers bright sunlight. It often grows on flood plains and other disturbed areas with ample water supply, such as riparian habitats. Human influence has greatly favoured this species; it grows around houses and in hedges, as well as on disturbed ground and vacant lots.

Several birds and some squirrels feed on the seeds. The evening grosbeak uses them extensively. The Maple Bug (also known as the Boxelder Bug) lays its eggs on all maples, but prefers this species.

Cultivation[]

Although its weak wood, irregular form, and prolific seeding might make it seem like a poor choice for a landscape tree, A. negundo is one of the most common maples in cultivation and many interesting cultivars have been developed, including:[4]

  • 'Auratum' - yellowish leaves with smooth undersides
  • 'Aureomarginatum' - creamy yellow leaf margins
  • 'Baron' - Hardier & seedless variety
  • 'Elegans' - distinctively convex leaves
  • 'Flamingo' - pink and white variegation (very popular)
  • 'Pendulum' - with weeping branches.
  • 'Variegatum' - creamy white leaf margins
  • 'Violaceum' - younger shoots and branches have bluish colour

Although native to North America, it is considered an invasive species in some areas of that continent. It can quickly colonize both cultivated and uncultivated areas and it has become naturalized in eastern China.[4] The range is therefore expanding both in North America and elsewhere. It can also be found in some of the cooler areas of the Australian continent where it is listed as a pest invasive species. It has also naturalized in the Vistula valley in Poland.

Uses[]

Although its light, close-grained, soft wood is considered undesirable for most uses, this tree has been considered as a commercial source of wood fiber, for use in fiberboard.

There is some commercial use of the tree for various decorative applications, such as turned items (bowls, stem-ware, pens). Primarily burl wood and injured wood, where the primary reason is this wood's reaction to injury, where the injured wood develops a red stain.

Use by Native Americans[]

The Navajo use the wood make tubes for bellows.[5] The Cheyenne burn the wood as incense for making spiritual medicines[6], and during Sun Dance ceremonies[7]. They also mix the boiled sap with shavings from the inner sides of animal hides and eat them as candy. [8][9]

The Meskwaki use a decoction of the inner bark as an emetic[10] and the Ojibwa use an infusion of the inner bark for the same purpose[11]. The Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache dry scrapings of the inner bark and keep it as winter food, and they also boil the inner bark until sugar crystallizes out of it [12]. The Dakota also use the sap to make sugar[13], as do the Omaha[14][15], the Pawnee[16], ,the Ponca[17], the Winnebago[18] and the indigenous people of Montana, who also freeze the sap and use it as a syrup[19] The Ojibwa mix the sap with that of the sugar maple and drink it as a beverage.[20]

The Cheyenne also use the wood to make bowls[21] and to cook meat[22][23]. The Keres make the twigs into prayer sticks[24]. The native peoples of Montana also use large trunk burls or knots to make bowls, dishes, drums, and pipe stems.[25]

The Dakota and the Omaha[26][27] make the wood into charcoal, which is used in ceremonial painting and tattooing.[28][29]

The Kiowa burn the wood from the negundo subspecies in the altar fire during the peyote ceremony,[30] and the Sioux boil the sap of this variety in the spring to make sugar.[31]

The interius subspecies is used by Cree to make sugar from the sap,[32] and the Tewa use the twigs as pipe stems.[33]

Archaeological artifacts[]

Acer negundo was identified in 1959 as the material used in the oldest extant flutes from the Americas that were made of wood. These early artifacts, excavated by Earl H. Morris in 1931 in the Prayer Rock district of present-day Northeastern Arizona, have been dated to 620-670 CE.[34]

The style of these flutes, now known as Anasazi flutes, uses an open tube and a splitting edge at one end. This design pre-dates the earliest known Native American Flute (which use a two-chambered design) by approximately 1,200 years.

Notes[]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 שגיאת תסריט: היחידה "citation/CS1" אינה קיימת.
  2. ↑ DePauw University
  3. ↑ Acer spp. Aceraceae Note that some of the common names given in this reference are questionable. "Stinking Ash" and "Black Ash" typically refer to Ptelea trifoliata and Fraxinus nigra, respectively. This reference is retained as an example of the confusion which arises when plants such as A. negundo are discussed by other than their scientific names.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 שגיאת ציטוט: תג <ref> לא תקין; לא נכתב טקסט עבור הערות השוליים בשם gelderen
  5. ↑ Elmore, Francis H. 1944 Ethnobotany of the Navajo. Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research (p. 62)
  6. ↑ Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 4)
  7. ↑ Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 4)
  8. ↑ Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 4)
  9. ↑ Hart, Jeffrey A. 1981 The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55 (p. 13)
  10. ↑ Smith, Huron H. 1928 Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians. Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326 (p. 200)
  11. ↑ Smith, Huron H. 1932 Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians. Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525 (p. 353)
  12. ↑ Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler 1936 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63 (p. 44)
  13. ↑ Gilmore, Melvin R. 1913 Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota. Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70 (p. 366)
  14. ↑ Gilmore, Melvin R. 1913 A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians. Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57. (p. 329)
  15. ↑ Gilmore, Melvin R. 1919 Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region. SI-BAE Annual Report #33 (p. 101)
  16. ↑ Gilmore, Melvin R. 1919 Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region. SI-BAE Annual Report #33 (p. 101)
  17. ↑ Gilmore, Melvin R. 1919 Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region. SI-BAE Annual Report #33 (p. 101)
  18. ↑ Gilmore, Melvin R. 1919 Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region. SI-BAE Annual Report #33 (p. 101)
  19. ↑ Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 4)
  20. ↑ Smith, Huron H. 1932 Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians. Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525 (p. 394)
  21. ↑ Hart, Jeffrey A. 1981 The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55 (p. 46)
  22. ↑ Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 4)
  23. ↑ Hart, Jeffrey A. 1981 The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55 (p. 13)
  24. ↑ Swank, George R. 1932 The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians. University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis (p. 24)
  25. ↑ Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 4)
  26. ↑ Gilmore, Melvin R. 1919 Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region. SI-BAE Annual Report #33 (p. 101)
  27. ↑ Gilmore, Melvin R. 1913 A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians. Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57. (p. 336)
  28. ↑ Gilmore, Melvin R. 1919 Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region. SI-BAE Annual Report #33 (p. 101)
  29. ↑ Gilmore, Melvin R. 1913 Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota. Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70 (p. 366)
  30. ↑ Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes 1939 The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians. Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University (p. 40)
  31. ↑ Blankinship, J. W. 1905 Native Economic Plants of Montana. Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56 (p. 16)
  32. ↑ Johnston, Alex 1987 Plants and the Blackfoot. Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society (p. 44)
  33. ↑ Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco 1916 Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians. SI-BAE Bulletin #55 (p. 38)
  34. ↑ Clint Goss (2011). "Anasazi Flutes from the Broken Flute Cave". http://Flutopedia.com/brokenflutecave.htm. Retrieved 20110-10-18. 

Bibliography[]

  • Philips, Roger. Trees of North America and Europe, Random House, Inc., New York ISBN 0-394-50259-0, 1979.
  • שגיאת תסריט: היחידה "Citation/CS1" אינה קיימת.

External links[]

תבנית:Commonscat תבנית:Wiktionary

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